美国加州洛杉矶代写:模糊的力量

Keywords:美国加州洛杉矶代写

即使在发达国家，这种模糊的力量，外源性的过程，如全球化，美国化，和环保，在某些情况下，对某些国家的人的意见明显的不利影响。例如，在英国，20世纪80年代新当选的保守党政府对自由市场经济的彻底转向以及随后削减公共开支的做法几乎完全违背了民意。盖洛普民意测验显示，当被问及他们是否喜欢目前的支出水平或支出是否应该增加时，47%的人中有1978的人喜欢公共部门的支出水平，而只有10%的人更喜欢十年后的公共支出。当然，这凸显了重要因素的重要性，在塑造公共政策的外生因素。通过现代化计划在许多方面效仿美国制度设计的驱动，Margaret Thatcher就对英国舆论在她介绍自由市场经济学从美国公司治理制度的尝试和理念的阐述罗纳德·里根紧紧控制着公共管理问题的根源，而不是解决方案。此外，尽管有强烈的舆论反对国防开支，政府在美国和英国继续增加在这一领域的支出。在美国和英国人民中，国防支出及其不受欢迎的评级当然可以被视为主要的外生因素，如全球稳定和外界对国家安全的威胁。霍华德和麦金尼（1998）评论了里根的修辞和他在管理公共管理的形状和模式上所面临的困难之间的矛盾：“里根把政府视为问题，而不是解决方案。然而，他大幅扩大了军费预算，却未能实现预算的国内削减。这一行动造成了前所未有的增长，国债是一个持续的主要关注和冲突的来源“（43）。同样，小布什的政策反映了类似的趋势，低税收和高支出国防和预算问题。而对于税收水平的舆论，与内生形成制衡，燃料提供减税的同时保持完整的官僚政治的问题，也是公共行政的结构变化的固执，加上抵抗外界因素作为全球经济学、流氓国家和关系的外交政策，使减少公共管理难以实现现实中的修辞。
美国加州洛杉矶代写:模糊的力量
Even in developed countries, the power of the vague, exogenous processes such as globalization, Americanisation, and environmentalism have, in some cases, had distinctly negative effects on the opinions of people in certain countries. In the UK, for instance, the radical shift towards a free-market economy and the subsequent sweeping cuts in public spending brought about by the newly elected Conservative government in the 1980s was almost entirely against popular opinion. A Gallup poll stated that when asked whether they prefer the current level of spending or whether spending should increase, 47% of people in 1978 preferred the current level of spending in public administrations, while a mere 10% preferred it ten years later in 1990. Naturally, this highlights the significant importance of exogenous factors in shaping public policy. Driven by a modernisation programme designed in many ways to emulate the American system, Margaret Thatcher went against UK public opinion in her attempt to introduce free-market economics taken from the American system of limited governance and the idea expounded by Ronald Reagan that closely controlled and governed public administration was the root of the problem rather than its solution. Also, despite strong public opinion against defence spending, governments both in the US and the UK continued to increase expenditure in this field. Defence spending and its disapproval rating among the people of both the US and the UK can certainly be seen as primarily influenced by exogenous factors such as global stability and of perceived external threats to National security. Howard and McKinney (1998) comment upon the contradiction between Reagan’s rhetoric and the difficulty he had in dictating the shape and the pattern of public administration: “Reagan came to see government as the problem, not the solution. Yet he vastly expanded the military budget while failing to achieve domestic reductions in the budget. The actions created an unprecedented increase in the national debt that is a continuing source of major concern and conflict” (43). Similarly, George W. Bush’s policies reflect a similar trend of low taxation and high spending on defence and budgetary issues. While public opinion regarding taxation levels, and endogenous forms of checks and balances that fuel the problem of delivering tax cuts while keeping the bureaucracy intact, it is also the stubbornness of the structure of public administration to change, coupled by the resistance from exogenous factors such as global economics, rogue states and relationships to foreign policy that make the rhetoric of reducing public administration difficult to achieve in reality.