北美留学生作业代写:怀疑论假设的论证
Keywords:北美留学生作业代写:怀疑论假设的论证
普特南提出的BIV方案就是一个提出怀疑论假设的论证。就像笛卡尔的邪恶天才一样，怀疑论假说对一个人对外部世界的认识提出了质疑。当邪恶的天才依靠一个最高的欺骗神，普特南的BIV思考一个疯狂的科学家使用电脑诱导虚幻的知觉和经验的效果。传统怀疑论者认为，我们无法辨别BIV假说是错误的;如果我们承认BIV前提是真实的，那么我们的经验看起来就会像现在一样(斯坦福2009)。因此，怀疑者认为我们缺乏了解外部世界的能力。运用他的语义外部性，因此认为与财政大臣在一起的情景是不可能的。语义外部性是外部性的一种形式，其中“句子的意义和真实条件，以及意图心理状态的内容，取决于一个人外部的因果环境的特征”(斯坦福2009)。更准确地说，他把注意力集中在第一人称的句子上，“我是一个头脑在缸里的人”，以此来证明议长口头说出这句话的一个例子必然是错误的。因此，普特南推断我们不应该成为BIVs。我认为普特南在他的“缸中之脑”实验中误用了“缸”的定义，从而降低了他反驳怀疑论假说的可能性。在这篇文章中，我将定义语义外部性，接着是Putnam对三种不同的BIV场景使用它。
北美留学生作业代写:怀疑论假设的论证
The BIV scenario Putnam presents is one such argument positing the skeptical hypothesis. Much like the Descartes’ Evil Genius, the skeptical hypothesis calls into doubt one’s knowledge of the external world. While the Evil Genius relies on a supreme deceiving deity, Putnam’s BIV ponders the effects of a mad scientist using computers to induce illusory perceptions and experiences. Traditional skeptics contend we are unable to discern the BIV hypothesis as false; if we were to grant the BIV premises as true, then our experiences would appear just they presently do (Stanford 2009). Consequently, skeptics maintain that we lack the ability to know anything about the world external to us. applies his semantic externalism and consequently deems the scenario with the Chancellor impossible. Semantic externalism is a form of externalism where “meanings and truth conditions of one’s sentences, and the contents of one’s intentional mental states, depend upon the character of one’s external, causal environment” (Stanford 2009). More precisely, he focuses his concern to the first-person sentence, “I am a brain-in-a-vat” to demonstrate that an instance in which the Chancellor verbally uttered said phrase is necessarily false. Consequently, Putnam deduces that we mustn’t be BIVs. I will argue that Putnam misuses the definition of “vat” in his brain-in-a-vat experiment, thereby decreasing his likelihood of disproving the skeptical hypothesis. In this essay, I will define semantic externalism, followed by Putnam’s use of it against three different BIV scenarios.
